Group+4+v2

== ​​//This page is for Alex B, Kettle, Mitchell and Bennett to contribute and collaborate// ==

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__ Packaging and the Environment __
=__Time Line of Food Packaging __ =

20,000 yrs ago early //Homo sapiens// used animal skins, shells, leaves and grass baskets were used to carry food & water or store for short periods of time. The aboriginal people made wooden bowls that were similar to the modern plate but more curved and oval. These could only hold a small amount of liquid or a slightly larger amount of berries or solids but they were used to carry them back to the camp not to store them.  8,000 yrs ago this continued for a while until we discovered that clay could be moulded and baked to form a hard jug or bowl that can be used for storing things for longer periods of time.  5,000 yrs ago The Ancient Egyptians made containers out of paper and wood. The paper they made was less refined and more course than our more modern alternative. When Pharaohs were buried they were buried with wooden boxes full of jewels and gold.  2,500 yrs ago glass blowing was developed by the Syrians and Phoenicians. This then gave them the ability to create jars where the food could then be pickeled and preserved for a longer period of time.

60-80 yrs ago polystyrene foam was created. This keeps the food or whatever item that is being transported safe from damage.

60 yrs ago aluminum foil was developed. This type of packaging makes heating the food inside a lot easier and also keeps the food insulated.

60 yrs ago aluminium was used for packaging and drink cans. By now these cans could keep food/drink indefinitely. Then in 1958 plastic was invented that heat forced to shrink.

=**__**__Packaging Interviews __**__**=  This is an interview with Bennett and his dad talking about what food packaging there was when he was young, what packaging he has now and how it has changed. media type="file" key="Record001.mp3" width="240" height="20"

Alex Boehm interviewing his father, Bruce

Forty five years ago, packaged foods were scarce. As my father says "fresh foods were not packaged, at least nothing like they are today. Milk was in a reusable glass bottle that would be returned to the dairy farmer to be refilled. Similar processes were used with bread, cream and meat." No plastics were used. Some processed foods were available but only the basics like vegemite, peanut butter, cordials etc. Nothing like the variety available today. Some plastics were used but the plastics were nowhere near as advanced as they are today. They were heavy and weak so they could only be used for lids etc.

=<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16pt;">__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16pt;">The Future of Packaging __ =

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">One of the most important changes in the future of packaging will be the use of nano composites. Nano composites have already been used by companies like Toyota to make bumper bars that are stronger and lighter. Soon similar composites will be used for packaging. The obvious advantages of this are things like easier transport and less weight.

The biggest advantage of these nano composites is that the gas and water permeability can be altered at the nanoscale. This means that future packaging made from Nano composites will have a better seal protecting the food products from outside air and moister, this will preserve fruit, vegetables, beverages, etc.allowing food to stay fresher for longer. With the globalization of the food industry, this will allow more and more fresh products to be produced and packaged internationally taking better advantage of different countries finest produce.

If everyone used recycled cardboard/paper, then for every tonne of it used we would be saving: <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> · 31,780 litres of water · 4100 KwH of electricity · 13 trees are left standing · 4 cubic metres of landfill · 2.5 barrels of oil

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= = =**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16pt;">__Food Packaging Materials Investigation Part One__ **=

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">In this section, we have looked at the packaging of different house hold grocery items. Through doing this, we found the different uses of all the packaging used in the packaging and why the packaging has been included.



​ <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;">__Drinking Chocolate:__ packaged in cardboard cylinder with a plastic seal tight lid. This keeps the powder dry before use. __Mushrooms:__ held in a paper bag because they need to breathe so they do not brown as quickly, because it cannot be an air tight bag. __Eggs:__ held in a rectangular cardboard carton so they are easier to stack and dont break as easily. __Rice:__ Kept in a cotton bag with a zip on top so it can be resealed. __Crouton Soup:__ Held in a thin cardboard box with the actual soup inside plastic pouches. ​



<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">__Puff Pastry:__ Pastry was packed in a plastic heat sealed bag with a cardboard printed insert, with thin plastic sheets in between each sheet of pastry. __Milo:__ Milo was packaged in an aluminum can with a removable lid, there is a thin layer of foil to keep the moisture out. __Continental cucumber:__ The cucumber was wrapped in a thin plastic wrap heat sealed keep it moist. __Canned tomato soup:__ Tomato soup is packed into a aluminum can so that it can stack easily, it also has to be fairly strong as it is vacuum packed. __MacDonald’s cheeseburger, small fries and small milkshake:__ The cheeseburger was wrapped in thin paper, the fries were in a small thin paper bag, and the milkshake was in a cardboard cup with a plastic lid and straw on a cardboard holder. It all came in a big brown paper bag.

=**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 27px;">__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16pt;">Food Packaging Materials Investigation Part Two __ **=

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">__Part A__

Cardboard: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;"> A Cardboard box is made of recycled carton board. Since it is recycled it is helping the environment by reusing used items. The only problem with this is that the material is now a little bit weaker than if it was not recycled, so it is used mainly as a cereal box because of this. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">Carton Carboard: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This certain item is made of moulded pulp. It is usually made from recycled newspaper and/or fibre board. It is mainly used as a protective packaging for delectate materials e.g. eggs. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">

Paper Bag: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> This type of material is mainly only used as a carrier bag or as wrapping paper because of its weak structure. It is very weak when wet but because it’s made of paper it can be recycled so it is good for the environment. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;"> Cotton:

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">Part B __
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Today, consumers are becoming more and more conscious about the environment and sustainability. For this reason, marketers are looking for better ways to make their packaging more environmentally friendly as a way of attracting more customers. One way is to replace plastic with recycled cardboard. An example of this is the Smith’s multi packs. They were once packaged in individual plastic packs held in one large pack. Now, they have replaced the large plastic pack with a recycled cardboard box that can also be recycled after use. This new box also has a number of bonuses like easier stacking and better chip protection.

Today, people like simplicity in their foods which is why products need to be to open and resalable whenever possible. Also, people don’t like waste which is why packaging size is becoming smaller. Single serving packaging is becoming more popular as well, and companies that fail to take that into consideration are going to fall behind the competition, but that does mean that the packaging needed for each single smaller serve is more efficent than a larger pack with more chips.

=** Alternate Packaging Design **=

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">__Single Twisty Packet:__

Weight: - 170 grams indicated on the packet. - Actually 176 grams.

Measurements: - Length: 26 cm - Width: 16.6 cm - Height: 5.5 cm - Surface Area: 1331.8 cm <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: super;">2 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;"> - Volume: 2373 cm <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 8pt; vertical-align: super;">3 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">

__Multiple Twisty Packets:__

Weight: - 114 grams indicated on packet. - Actually 133.4 grams.

Measurements: - Length: 41.3 cm - Width: 20.1 cm - Height: 6 cm - Surface Area: 2397.06 cm <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: super;">2 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;"> - Volume: 482.328 cm <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: super;">3 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;">

__Mini Twisty Packet:__

Measurements- - Length: 13.2 cm - Width: 12.6 cm - Height: 2.9 cm - Surface Area: 482.28 cm <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: super;">2 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt;"> - Volume: 482.328 cm <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 12pt; vertical-align: super;">3